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Genomic Diversity and Hotspot Mutations in 30,983 SARS-CoV-2 Genomes: Moving Toward a Universal Vaccine for the “Confined Virus”?

Identifieur interne : 000729 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 000728; suivant : 000730

Genomic Diversity and Hotspot Mutations in 30,983 SARS-CoV-2 Genomes: Moving Toward a Universal Vaccine for the “Confined Virus”?

Auteurs : Tarek Alouane ; Meriem Laamarti ; Abdelomunim Essabbar ; Mohammed Hakmi ; El Mehdi Bouricha ; M. W. Chemao-Elfihri ; Souad Kartti ; Nasma Boumajdi ; Houda Bendani ; Rokia Laamarti ; Fatima Ghrifi ; Loubna Allam ; Tarik Aanniz ; Mouna Ouadghiri ; Naima El Hafidi ; Rachid El Jaoudi ; Houda Benrahma ; Jalil El Attar ; Rachid Mentag ; Laila Sbabou ; Chakib Nejjari ; Saaid Amzazi ; Lahcen Belyamani ; Azeddine Ibrahimi

Source :

RBID : PMC:7600297

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic has been ongoing since its onset in late November 2019 in Wuhan, China. Understanding and monitoring the genetic evolution of the virus, its geographical characteristics, and its stability are particularly important for controlling the spread of the disease and especially for the development of a universal vaccine covering all circulating strains. From this perspective, we analyzed 30,983 complete SARS-CoV-2 genomes from 79 countries located in the six continents and collected from 24 December 2019, to 13 May 2020, according to the GISAID database. Our analysis revealed the presence of 3206 variant sites, with a uniform distribution of mutation types in different geographic areas. Remarkably, a low frequency of recurrent mutations has been observed; only 169 mutations (5.27%) had a prevalence greater than 1% of genomes. Nevertheless, fourteen non-synonymous hotspot mutations (>10%) have been identified at different locations along the viral genome; eight in ORF1ab polyprotein (in nsp2, nsp3, transmembrane domain, RdRp, helicase, exonuclease, and endoribonuclease), three in nucleocapsid protein, and one in each of three proteins: Spike, ORF3a, and ORF8. Moreover, 36 non-synonymous mutations were identified in the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein with a low prevalence (<1%) across all genomes, of which only four could potentially enhance the binding of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein to the human ACE2 receptor. These results along with intra-genomic divergence of SARS-CoV-2 could indicate that unlike the influenza virus or HIV viruses, SARS-CoV-2 has a low mutation rate which makes the development of an effective global vaccine very likely.


Url:
DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9100829
PubMed: 33050463
PubMed Central: 7600297


Affiliations:


Links toward previous steps (curation, corpus...)


Le document en format XML

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<name sortKey="Alouane, Tarek" sort="Alouane, Tarek" uniqKey="Alouane T" first="Tarek" last="Alouane">Tarek Alouane</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="af1-pathogens-09-00829">Medical Biotechnology Laboratory (MedBiotech), Bioinova Research Center, Rabat Medical and Pharmacy School, Mohammed Vth University, Rabat 10100, Morocco;
<email>m_laamarti@yahoo.com</email>
(M.L.);
<email>abdelmounim.essabbar@um5s.net.ma</email>
(A.E.);
<email>gml.hakmi@gmail.com</email>
(M.H.);
<email>elmehdi.bouricha@gmail.com</email>
(E.M.B.);
<email>walidchemao@gmail.com</email>
(M.W.C.-E.);
<email>souad.kartti@um5s.net.ma</email>
(S.K.);
<email>nassma.boumajdi@gmail.com</email>
(N.B.);
<email>hbendani.houda@gmail.com</email>
(H.B.);
<email>fatima.ghrifi@um5s.net.ma</email>
(F.G.);
<email>louabna.allam@um5s.net.ma</email>
(L.A.);
<email>t.aanniz@um5s.net.ma</email>
(T.A.);
<email>mouna.ouadghiri@um5.ac.ma</email>
(M.O.);
<email>n.elhafidi@um5s.net.ma</email>
(N.E.H.);
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<author>
<name sortKey="Laamarti, Meriem" sort="Laamarti, Meriem" uniqKey="Laamarti M" first="Meriem" last="Laamarti">Meriem Laamarti</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="af1-pathogens-09-00829">Medical Biotechnology Laboratory (MedBiotech), Bioinova Research Center, Rabat Medical and Pharmacy School, Mohammed Vth University, Rabat 10100, Morocco;
<email>m_laamarti@yahoo.com</email>
(M.L.);
<email>abdelmounim.essabbar@um5s.net.ma</email>
(A.E.);
<email>gml.hakmi@gmail.com</email>
(M.H.);
<email>elmehdi.bouricha@gmail.com</email>
(E.M.B.);
<email>walidchemao@gmail.com</email>
(M.W.C.-E.);
<email>souad.kartti@um5s.net.ma</email>
(S.K.);
<email>nassma.boumajdi@gmail.com</email>
(N.B.);
<email>hbendani.houda@gmail.com</email>
(H.B.);
<email>fatima.ghrifi@um5s.net.ma</email>
(F.G.);
<email>louabna.allam@um5s.net.ma</email>
(L.A.);
<email>t.aanniz@um5s.net.ma</email>
(T.A.);
<email>mouna.ouadghiri@um5.ac.ma</email>
(M.O.);
<email>n.elhafidi@um5s.net.ma</email>
(N.E.H.);
<email>r.eljaoudi@um5s.net.ma</email>
(R.E.J.)</nlm:aff>
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<name sortKey="Essabbar, Abdelomunim" sort="Essabbar, Abdelomunim" uniqKey="Essabbar A" first="Abdelomunim" last="Essabbar">Abdelomunim Essabbar</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="af1-pathogens-09-00829">Medical Biotechnology Laboratory (MedBiotech), Bioinova Research Center, Rabat Medical and Pharmacy School, Mohammed Vth University, Rabat 10100, Morocco;
<email>m_laamarti@yahoo.com</email>
(M.L.);
<email>abdelmounim.essabbar@um5s.net.ma</email>
(A.E.);
<email>gml.hakmi@gmail.com</email>
(M.H.);
<email>elmehdi.bouricha@gmail.com</email>
(E.M.B.);
<email>walidchemao@gmail.com</email>
(M.W.C.-E.);
<email>souad.kartti@um5s.net.ma</email>
(S.K.);
<email>nassma.boumajdi@gmail.com</email>
(N.B.);
<email>hbendani.houda@gmail.com</email>
(H.B.);
<email>fatima.ghrifi@um5s.net.ma</email>
(F.G.);
<email>louabna.allam@um5s.net.ma</email>
(L.A.);
<email>t.aanniz@um5s.net.ma</email>
(T.A.);
<email>mouna.ouadghiri@um5.ac.ma</email>
(M.O.);
<email>n.elhafidi@um5s.net.ma</email>
(N.E.H.);
<email>r.eljaoudi@um5s.net.ma</email>
(R.E.J.)</nlm:aff>
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<author>
<name sortKey="Hakmi, Mohammed" sort="Hakmi, Mohammed" uniqKey="Hakmi M" first="Mohammed" last="Hakmi">Mohammed Hakmi</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="af1-pathogens-09-00829">Medical Biotechnology Laboratory (MedBiotech), Bioinova Research Center, Rabat Medical and Pharmacy School, Mohammed Vth University, Rabat 10100, Morocco;
<email>m_laamarti@yahoo.com</email>
(M.L.);
<email>abdelmounim.essabbar@um5s.net.ma</email>
(A.E.);
<email>gml.hakmi@gmail.com</email>
(M.H.);
<email>elmehdi.bouricha@gmail.com</email>
(E.M.B.);
<email>walidchemao@gmail.com</email>
(M.W.C.-E.);
<email>souad.kartti@um5s.net.ma</email>
(S.K.);
<email>nassma.boumajdi@gmail.com</email>
(N.B.);
<email>hbendani.houda@gmail.com</email>
(H.B.);
<email>fatima.ghrifi@um5s.net.ma</email>
(F.G.);
<email>louabna.allam@um5s.net.ma</email>
(L.A.);
<email>t.aanniz@um5s.net.ma</email>
(T.A.);
<email>mouna.ouadghiri@um5.ac.ma</email>
(M.O.);
<email>n.elhafidi@um5s.net.ma</email>
(N.E.H.);
<email>r.eljaoudi@um5s.net.ma</email>
(R.E.J.)</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Bouricha, El Mehdi" sort="Bouricha, El Mehdi" uniqKey="Bouricha E" first="El Mehdi" last="Bouricha">El Mehdi Bouricha</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="af1-pathogens-09-00829">Medical Biotechnology Laboratory (MedBiotech), Bioinova Research Center, Rabat Medical and Pharmacy School, Mohammed Vth University, Rabat 10100, Morocco;
<email>m_laamarti@yahoo.com</email>
(M.L.);
<email>abdelmounim.essabbar@um5s.net.ma</email>
(A.E.);
<email>gml.hakmi@gmail.com</email>
(M.H.);
<email>elmehdi.bouricha@gmail.com</email>
(E.M.B.);
<email>walidchemao@gmail.com</email>
(M.W.C.-E.);
<email>souad.kartti@um5s.net.ma</email>
(S.K.);
<email>nassma.boumajdi@gmail.com</email>
(N.B.);
<email>hbendani.houda@gmail.com</email>
(H.B.);
<email>fatima.ghrifi@um5s.net.ma</email>
(F.G.);
<email>louabna.allam@um5s.net.ma</email>
(L.A.);
<email>t.aanniz@um5s.net.ma</email>
(T.A.);
<email>mouna.ouadghiri@um5.ac.ma</email>
(M.O.);
<email>n.elhafidi@um5s.net.ma</email>
(N.E.H.);
<email>r.eljaoudi@um5s.net.ma</email>
(R.E.J.)</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Chemao Elfihri, M W" sort="Chemao Elfihri, M W" uniqKey="Chemao Elfihri M" first="M. W." last="Chemao-Elfihri">M. W. Chemao-Elfihri</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="af1-pathogens-09-00829">Medical Biotechnology Laboratory (MedBiotech), Bioinova Research Center, Rabat Medical and Pharmacy School, Mohammed Vth University, Rabat 10100, Morocco;
<email>m_laamarti@yahoo.com</email>
(M.L.);
<email>abdelmounim.essabbar@um5s.net.ma</email>
(A.E.);
<email>gml.hakmi@gmail.com</email>
(M.H.);
<email>elmehdi.bouricha@gmail.com</email>
(E.M.B.);
<email>walidchemao@gmail.com</email>
(M.W.C.-E.);
<email>souad.kartti@um5s.net.ma</email>
(S.K.);
<email>nassma.boumajdi@gmail.com</email>
(N.B.);
<email>hbendani.houda@gmail.com</email>
(H.B.);
<email>fatima.ghrifi@um5s.net.ma</email>
(F.G.);
<email>louabna.allam@um5s.net.ma</email>
(L.A.);
<email>t.aanniz@um5s.net.ma</email>
(T.A.);
<email>mouna.ouadghiri@um5.ac.ma</email>
(M.O.);
<email>n.elhafidi@um5s.net.ma</email>
(N.E.H.);
<email>r.eljaoudi@um5s.net.ma</email>
(R.E.J.)</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Kartti, Souad" sort="Kartti, Souad" uniqKey="Kartti S" first="Souad" last="Kartti">Souad Kartti</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="af1-pathogens-09-00829">Medical Biotechnology Laboratory (MedBiotech), Bioinova Research Center, Rabat Medical and Pharmacy School, Mohammed Vth University, Rabat 10100, Morocco;
<email>m_laamarti@yahoo.com</email>
(M.L.);
<email>abdelmounim.essabbar@um5s.net.ma</email>
(A.E.);
<email>gml.hakmi@gmail.com</email>
(M.H.);
<email>elmehdi.bouricha@gmail.com</email>
(E.M.B.);
<email>walidchemao@gmail.com</email>
(M.W.C.-E.);
<email>souad.kartti@um5s.net.ma</email>
(S.K.);
<email>nassma.boumajdi@gmail.com</email>
(N.B.);
<email>hbendani.houda@gmail.com</email>
(H.B.);
<email>fatima.ghrifi@um5s.net.ma</email>
(F.G.);
<email>louabna.allam@um5s.net.ma</email>
(L.A.);
<email>t.aanniz@um5s.net.ma</email>
(T.A.);
<email>mouna.ouadghiri@um5.ac.ma</email>
(M.O.);
<email>n.elhafidi@um5s.net.ma</email>
(N.E.H.);
<email>r.eljaoudi@um5s.net.ma</email>
(R.E.J.)</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Boumajdi, Nasma" sort="Boumajdi, Nasma" uniqKey="Boumajdi N" first="Nasma" last="Boumajdi">Nasma Boumajdi</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="af1-pathogens-09-00829">Medical Biotechnology Laboratory (MedBiotech), Bioinova Research Center, Rabat Medical and Pharmacy School, Mohammed Vth University, Rabat 10100, Morocco;
<email>m_laamarti@yahoo.com</email>
(M.L.);
<email>abdelmounim.essabbar@um5s.net.ma</email>
(A.E.);
<email>gml.hakmi@gmail.com</email>
(M.H.);
<email>elmehdi.bouricha@gmail.com</email>
(E.M.B.);
<email>walidchemao@gmail.com</email>
(M.W.C.-E.);
<email>souad.kartti@um5s.net.ma</email>
(S.K.);
<email>nassma.boumajdi@gmail.com</email>
(N.B.);
<email>hbendani.houda@gmail.com</email>
(H.B.);
<email>fatima.ghrifi@um5s.net.ma</email>
(F.G.);
<email>louabna.allam@um5s.net.ma</email>
(L.A.);
<email>t.aanniz@um5s.net.ma</email>
(T.A.);
<email>mouna.ouadghiri@um5.ac.ma</email>
(M.O.);
<email>n.elhafidi@um5s.net.ma</email>
(N.E.H.);
<email>r.eljaoudi@um5s.net.ma</email>
(R.E.J.)</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Bendani, Houda" sort="Bendani, Houda" uniqKey="Bendani H" first="Houda" last="Bendani">Houda Bendani</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="af1-pathogens-09-00829">Medical Biotechnology Laboratory (MedBiotech), Bioinova Research Center, Rabat Medical and Pharmacy School, Mohammed Vth University, Rabat 10100, Morocco;
<email>m_laamarti@yahoo.com</email>
(M.L.);
<email>abdelmounim.essabbar@um5s.net.ma</email>
(A.E.);
<email>gml.hakmi@gmail.com</email>
(M.H.);
<email>elmehdi.bouricha@gmail.com</email>
(E.M.B.);
<email>walidchemao@gmail.com</email>
(M.W.C.-E.);
<email>souad.kartti@um5s.net.ma</email>
(S.K.);
<email>nassma.boumajdi@gmail.com</email>
(N.B.);
<email>hbendani.houda@gmail.com</email>
(H.B.);
<email>fatima.ghrifi@um5s.net.ma</email>
(F.G.);
<email>louabna.allam@um5s.net.ma</email>
(L.A.);
<email>t.aanniz@um5s.net.ma</email>
(T.A.);
<email>mouna.ouadghiri@um5.ac.ma</email>
(M.O.);
<email>n.elhafidi@um5s.net.ma</email>
(N.E.H.);
<email>r.eljaoudi@um5s.net.ma</email>
(R.E.J.)</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Laamarti, Rokia" sort="Laamarti, Rokia" uniqKey="Laamarti R" first="Rokia" last="Laamarti">Rokia Laamarti</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="af2-pathogens-09-00829">Medical Biotechnology Center, Moroccan Foundation for Science, Innovation & Research (MAScIR), Rabat 10100, Morocco;
<email>r.laamarti@mascir.ma</email>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Ghrifi, Fatima" sort="Ghrifi, Fatima" uniqKey="Ghrifi F" first="Fatima" last="Ghrifi">Fatima Ghrifi</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="af1-pathogens-09-00829">Medical Biotechnology Laboratory (MedBiotech), Bioinova Research Center, Rabat Medical and Pharmacy School, Mohammed Vth University, Rabat 10100, Morocco;
<email>m_laamarti@yahoo.com</email>
(M.L.);
<email>abdelmounim.essabbar@um5s.net.ma</email>
(A.E.);
<email>gml.hakmi@gmail.com</email>
(M.H.);
<email>elmehdi.bouricha@gmail.com</email>
(E.M.B.);
<email>walidchemao@gmail.com</email>
(M.W.C.-E.);
<email>souad.kartti@um5s.net.ma</email>
(S.K.);
<email>nassma.boumajdi@gmail.com</email>
(N.B.);
<email>hbendani.houda@gmail.com</email>
(H.B.);
<email>fatima.ghrifi@um5s.net.ma</email>
(F.G.);
<email>louabna.allam@um5s.net.ma</email>
(L.A.);
<email>t.aanniz@um5s.net.ma</email>
(T.A.);
<email>mouna.ouadghiri@um5.ac.ma</email>
(M.O.);
<email>n.elhafidi@um5s.net.ma</email>
(N.E.H.);
<email>r.eljaoudi@um5s.net.ma</email>
(R.E.J.)</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Allam, Loubna" sort="Allam, Loubna" uniqKey="Allam L" first="Loubna" last="Allam">Loubna Allam</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="af1-pathogens-09-00829">Medical Biotechnology Laboratory (MedBiotech), Bioinova Research Center, Rabat Medical and Pharmacy School, Mohammed Vth University, Rabat 10100, Morocco;
<email>m_laamarti@yahoo.com</email>
(M.L.);
<email>abdelmounim.essabbar@um5s.net.ma</email>
(A.E.);
<email>gml.hakmi@gmail.com</email>
(M.H.);
<email>elmehdi.bouricha@gmail.com</email>
(E.M.B.);
<email>walidchemao@gmail.com</email>
(M.W.C.-E.);
<email>souad.kartti@um5s.net.ma</email>
(S.K.);
<email>nassma.boumajdi@gmail.com</email>
(N.B.);
<email>hbendani.houda@gmail.com</email>
(H.B.);
<email>fatima.ghrifi@um5s.net.ma</email>
(F.G.);
<email>louabna.allam@um5s.net.ma</email>
(L.A.);
<email>t.aanniz@um5s.net.ma</email>
(T.A.);
<email>mouna.ouadghiri@um5.ac.ma</email>
(M.O.);
<email>n.elhafidi@um5s.net.ma</email>
(N.E.H.);
<email>r.eljaoudi@um5s.net.ma</email>
(R.E.J.)</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Aanniz, Tarik" sort="Aanniz, Tarik" uniqKey="Aanniz T" first="Tarik" last="Aanniz">Tarik Aanniz</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="af1-pathogens-09-00829">Medical Biotechnology Laboratory (MedBiotech), Bioinova Research Center, Rabat Medical and Pharmacy School, Mohammed Vth University, Rabat 10100, Morocco;
<email>m_laamarti@yahoo.com</email>
(M.L.);
<email>abdelmounim.essabbar@um5s.net.ma</email>
(A.E.);
<email>gml.hakmi@gmail.com</email>
(M.H.);
<email>elmehdi.bouricha@gmail.com</email>
(E.M.B.);
<email>walidchemao@gmail.com</email>
(M.W.C.-E.);
<email>souad.kartti@um5s.net.ma</email>
(S.K.);
<email>nassma.boumajdi@gmail.com</email>
(N.B.);
<email>hbendani.houda@gmail.com</email>
(H.B.);
<email>fatima.ghrifi@um5s.net.ma</email>
(F.G.);
<email>louabna.allam@um5s.net.ma</email>
(L.A.);
<email>t.aanniz@um5s.net.ma</email>
(T.A.);
<email>mouna.ouadghiri@um5.ac.ma</email>
(M.O.);
<email>n.elhafidi@um5s.net.ma</email>
(N.E.H.);
<email>r.eljaoudi@um5s.net.ma</email>
(R.E.J.)</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Ouadghiri, Mouna" sort="Ouadghiri, Mouna" uniqKey="Ouadghiri M" first="Mouna" last="Ouadghiri">Mouna Ouadghiri</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="af1-pathogens-09-00829">Medical Biotechnology Laboratory (MedBiotech), Bioinova Research Center, Rabat Medical and Pharmacy School, Mohammed Vth University, Rabat 10100, Morocco;
<email>m_laamarti@yahoo.com</email>
(M.L.);
<email>abdelmounim.essabbar@um5s.net.ma</email>
(A.E.);
<email>gml.hakmi@gmail.com</email>
(M.H.);
<email>elmehdi.bouricha@gmail.com</email>
(E.M.B.);
<email>walidchemao@gmail.com</email>
(M.W.C.-E.);
<email>souad.kartti@um5s.net.ma</email>
(S.K.);
<email>nassma.boumajdi@gmail.com</email>
(N.B.);
<email>hbendani.houda@gmail.com</email>
(H.B.);
<email>fatima.ghrifi@um5s.net.ma</email>
(F.G.);
<email>louabna.allam@um5s.net.ma</email>
(L.A.);
<email>t.aanniz@um5s.net.ma</email>
(T.A.);
<email>mouna.ouadghiri@um5.ac.ma</email>
(M.O.);
<email>n.elhafidi@um5s.net.ma</email>
(N.E.H.);
<email>r.eljaoudi@um5s.net.ma</email>
(R.E.J.)</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="El Hafidi, Naima" sort="El Hafidi, Naima" uniqKey="El Hafidi N" first="Naima" last="El Hafidi">Naima El Hafidi</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="af1-pathogens-09-00829">Medical Biotechnology Laboratory (MedBiotech), Bioinova Research Center, Rabat Medical and Pharmacy School, Mohammed Vth University, Rabat 10100, Morocco;
<email>m_laamarti@yahoo.com</email>
(M.L.);
<email>abdelmounim.essabbar@um5s.net.ma</email>
(A.E.);
<email>gml.hakmi@gmail.com</email>
(M.H.);
<email>elmehdi.bouricha@gmail.com</email>
(E.M.B.);
<email>walidchemao@gmail.com</email>
(M.W.C.-E.);
<email>souad.kartti@um5s.net.ma</email>
(S.K.);
<email>nassma.boumajdi@gmail.com</email>
(N.B.);
<email>hbendani.houda@gmail.com</email>
(H.B.);
<email>fatima.ghrifi@um5s.net.ma</email>
(F.G.);
<email>louabna.allam@um5s.net.ma</email>
(L.A.);
<email>t.aanniz@um5s.net.ma</email>
(T.A.);
<email>mouna.ouadghiri@um5.ac.ma</email>
(M.O.);
<email>n.elhafidi@um5s.net.ma</email>
(N.E.H.);
<email>r.eljaoudi@um5s.net.ma</email>
(R.E.J.)</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="El Jaoudi, Rachid" sort="El Jaoudi, Rachid" uniqKey="El Jaoudi R" first="Rachid" last="El Jaoudi">Rachid El Jaoudi</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="af1-pathogens-09-00829">Medical Biotechnology Laboratory (MedBiotech), Bioinova Research Center, Rabat Medical and Pharmacy School, Mohammed Vth University, Rabat 10100, Morocco;
<email>m_laamarti@yahoo.com</email>
(M.L.);
<email>abdelmounim.essabbar@um5s.net.ma</email>
(A.E.);
<email>gml.hakmi@gmail.com</email>
(M.H.);
<email>elmehdi.bouricha@gmail.com</email>
(E.M.B.);
<email>walidchemao@gmail.com</email>
(M.W.C.-E.);
<email>souad.kartti@um5s.net.ma</email>
(S.K.);
<email>nassma.boumajdi@gmail.com</email>
(N.B.);
<email>hbendani.houda@gmail.com</email>
(H.B.);
<email>fatima.ghrifi@um5s.net.ma</email>
(F.G.);
<email>louabna.allam@um5s.net.ma</email>
(L.A.);
<email>t.aanniz@um5s.net.ma</email>
(T.A.);
<email>mouna.ouadghiri@um5.ac.ma</email>
(M.O.);
<email>n.elhafidi@um5s.net.ma</email>
(N.E.H.);
<email>r.eljaoudi@um5s.net.ma</email>
(R.E.J.)</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Benrahma, Houda" sort="Benrahma, Houda" uniqKey="Benrahma H" first="Houda" last="Benrahma">Houda Benrahma</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="af3-pathogens-09-00829">Faculty of Medicine, Mohammed VI University of Health Sciences (UM6SS), Casablanca 82403, Morocco;
<email>hbenrahma@um6ss.ma</email>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Attar, Jalil El" sort="Attar, Jalil El" uniqKey="Attar J" first="Jalil El" last="Attar">Jalil El Attar</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="af4-pathogens-09-00829">Riad Laboratory, City Center Hay Riad, Rabat 10112, Morocco;
<email>laboratoireriad@gmail.com</email>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Mentag, Rachid" sort="Mentag, Rachid" uniqKey="Mentag R" first="Rachid" last="Mentag">Rachid Mentag</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="af5-pathogens-09-00829">Biotechnology Unit, Regional Center of Agricultural Research of Rabat, National Institute of Agricultural Research, Rabat 10101, Morocco;
<email>rachid.mentag@inra.ma</email>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Sbabou, Laila" sort="Sbabou, Laila" uniqKey="Sbabou L" first="Laila" last="Sbabou">Laila Sbabou</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="af6-pathogens-09-00829">Microbiology and Molecular Biology Team, Center of Plant and Microbial Biotechnology, Biodiversity and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat 10000, Morocco;
<email>l.sbabou@um5s.net.ma</email>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Nejjari, Chakib" sort="Nejjari, Chakib" uniqKey="Nejjari C" first="Chakib" last="Nejjari">Chakib Nejjari</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="af7-pathogens-09-00829">International School of Public Health, Mohammed VI University of Health Sciences (UM6SS), Casablanca 82403, Morocco;
<email>cnejjari@um6ss.ma</email>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Amzazi, Saaid" sort="Amzazi, Saaid" uniqKey="Amzazi S" first="Saaid" last="Amzazi">Saaid Amzazi</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="af8-pathogens-09-00829">Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat 10000, Morocco;
<email>amzazi@gmail.com</email>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Belyamani, Lahcen" sort="Belyamani, Lahcen" uniqKey="Belyamani L" first="Lahcen" last="Belyamani">Lahcen Belyamani</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="af9-pathogens-09-00829">Emergency Department, Military Hospital Mohammed V, Rabat Medical and Pharmacy School, Mohammed Vth University, Rabat 10112, Morocco;
<email>l.belyamani@um5s.net.ma</email>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Ibrahimi, Azeddine" sort="Ibrahimi, Azeddine" uniqKey="Ibrahimi A" first="Azeddine" last="Ibrahimi">Azeddine Ibrahimi</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="af1-pathogens-09-00829">Medical Biotechnology Laboratory (MedBiotech), Bioinova Research Center, Rabat Medical and Pharmacy School, Mohammed Vth University, Rabat 10100, Morocco;
<email>m_laamarti@yahoo.com</email>
(M.L.);
<email>abdelmounim.essabbar@um5s.net.ma</email>
(A.E.);
<email>gml.hakmi@gmail.com</email>
(M.H.);
<email>elmehdi.bouricha@gmail.com</email>
(E.M.B.);
<email>walidchemao@gmail.com</email>
(M.W.C.-E.);
<email>souad.kartti@um5s.net.ma</email>
(S.K.);
<email>nassma.boumajdi@gmail.com</email>
(N.B.);
<email>hbendani.houda@gmail.com</email>
(H.B.);
<email>fatima.ghrifi@um5s.net.ma</email>
(F.G.);
<email>louabna.allam@um5s.net.ma</email>
(L.A.);
<email>t.aanniz@um5s.net.ma</email>
(T.A.);
<email>mouna.ouadghiri@um5.ac.ma</email>
(M.O.);
<email>n.elhafidi@um5s.net.ma</email>
(N.E.H.);
<email>r.eljaoudi@um5s.net.ma</email>
(R.E.J.)</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
</titleStmt>
<publicationStmt>
<idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno>
<idno type="pmid">33050463</idno>
<idno type="pmc">7600297</idno>
<idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7600297</idno>
<idno type="RBID">PMC:7600297</idno>
<idno type="doi">10.3390/pathogens9100829</idno>
<date when="2020">2020</date>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000268</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000268</idno>
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<idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000063</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">000063</idno>
<idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno>
<idno type="RBID">pubmed:33050463</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Corpus">000094</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">000094</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Curation">000093</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Curation">000093</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Checkpoint">000139</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Checkpoint" wicri:step="PubMed">000139</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Merge">000729</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Curation">000729</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Exploration">000729</idno>
</publicationStmt>
<sourceDesc>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Genomic Diversity and Hotspot Mutations in 30,983 SARS-CoV-2 Genomes: Moving Toward a Universal Vaccine for the “Confined Virus”?</title>
<author>
<name sortKey="Alouane, Tarek" sort="Alouane, Tarek" uniqKey="Alouane T" first="Tarek" last="Alouane">Tarek Alouane</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="af1-pathogens-09-00829">Medical Biotechnology Laboratory (MedBiotech), Bioinova Research Center, Rabat Medical and Pharmacy School, Mohammed Vth University, Rabat 10100, Morocco;
<email>m_laamarti@yahoo.com</email>
(M.L.);
<email>abdelmounim.essabbar@um5s.net.ma</email>
(A.E.);
<email>gml.hakmi@gmail.com</email>
(M.H.);
<email>elmehdi.bouricha@gmail.com</email>
(E.M.B.);
<email>walidchemao@gmail.com</email>
(M.W.C.-E.);
<email>souad.kartti@um5s.net.ma</email>
(S.K.);
<email>nassma.boumajdi@gmail.com</email>
(N.B.);
<email>hbendani.houda@gmail.com</email>
(H.B.);
<email>fatima.ghrifi@um5s.net.ma</email>
(F.G.);
<email>louabna.allam@um5s.net.ma</email>
(L.A.);
<email>t.aanniz@um5s.net.ma</email>
(T.A.);
<email>mouna.ouadghiri@um5.ac.ma</email>
(M.O.);
<email>n.elhafidi@um5s.net.ma</email>
(N.E.H.);
<email>r.eljaoudi@um5s.net.ma</email>
(R.E.J.)</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Laamarti, Meriem" sort="Laamarti, Meriem" uniqKey="Laamarti M" first="Meriem" last="Laamarti">Meriem Laamarti</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="af1-pathogens-09-00829">Medical Biotechnology Laboratory (MedBiotech), Bioinova Research Center, Rabat Medical and Pharmacy School, Mohammed Vth University, Rabat 10100, Morocco;
<email>m_laamarti@yahoo.com</email>
(M.L.);
<email>abdelmounim.essabbar@um5s.net.ma</email>
(A.E.);
<email>gml.hakmi@gmail.com</email>
(M.H.);
<email>elmehdi.bouricha@gmail.com</email>
(E.M.B.);
<email>walidchemao@gmail.com</email>
(M.W.C.-E.);
<email>souad.kartti@um5s.net.ma</email>
(S.K.);
<email>nassma.boumajdi@gmail.com</email>
(N.B.);
<email>hbendani.houda@gmail.com</email>
(H.B.);
<email>fatima.ghrifi@um5s.net.ma</email>
(F.G.);
<email>louabna.allam@um5s.net.ma</email>
(L.A.);
<email>t.aanniz@um5s.net.ma</email>
(T.A.);
<email>mouna.ouadghiri@um5.ac.ma</email>
(M.O.);
<email>n.elhafidi@um5s.net.ma</email>
(N.E.H.);
<email>r.eljaoudi@um5s.net.ma</email>
(R.E.J.)</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Essabbar, Abdelomunim" sort="Essabbar, Abdelomunim" uniqKey="Essabbar A" first="Abdelomunim" last="Essabbar">Abdelomunim Essabbar</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="af1-pathogens-09-00829">Medical Biotechnology Laboratory (MedBiotech), Bioinova Research Center, Rabat Medical and Pharmacy School, Mohammed Vth University, Rabat 10100, Morocco;
<email>m_laamarti@yahoo.com</email>
(M.L.);
<email>abdelmounim.essabbar@um5s.net.ma</email>
(A.E.);
<email>gml.hakmi@gmail.com</email>
(M.H.);
<email>elmehdi.bouricha@gmail.com</email>
(E.M.B.);
<email>walidchemao@gmail.com</email>
(M.W.C.-E.);
<email>souad.kartti@um5s.net.ma</email>
(S.K.);
<email>nassma.boumajdi@gmail.com</email>
(N.B.);
<email>hbendani.houda@gmail.com</email>
(H.B.);
<email>fatima.ghrifi@um5s.net.ma</email>
(F.G.);
<email>louabna.allam@um5s.net.ma</email>
(L.A.);
<email>t.aanniz@um5s.net.ma</email>
(T.A.);
<email>mouna.ouadghiri@um5.ac.ma</email>
(M.O.);
<email>n.elhafidi@um5s.net.ma</email>
(N.E.H.);
<email>r.eljaoudi@um5s.net.ma</email>
(R.E.J.)</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Hakmi, Mohammed" sort="Hakmi, Mohammed" uniqKey="Hakmi M" first="Mohammed" last="Hakmi">Mohammed Hakmi</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="af1-pathogens-09-00829">Medical Biotechnology Laboratory (MedBiotech), Bioinova Research Center, Rabat Medical and Pharmacy School, Mohammed Vth University, Rabat 10100, Morocco;
<email>m_laamarti@yahoo.com</email>
(M.L.);
<email>abdelmounim.essabbar@um5s.net.ma</email>
(A.E.);
<email>gml.hakmi@gmail.com</email>
(M.H.);
<email>elmehdi.bouricha@gmail.com</email>
(E.M.B.);
<email>walidchemao@gmail.com</email>
(M.W.C.-E.);
<email>souad.kartti@um5s.net.ma</email>
(S.K.);
<email>nassma.boumajdi@gmail.com</email>
(N.B.);
<email>hbendani.houda@gmail.com</email>
(H.B.);
<email>fatima.ghrifi@um5s.net.ma</email>
(F.G.);
<email>louabna.allam@um5s.net.ma</email>
(L.A.);
<email>t.aanniz@um5s.net.ma</email>
(T.A.);
<email>mouna.ouadghiri@um5.ac.ma</email>
(M.O.);
<email>n.elhafidi@um5s.net.ma</email>
(N.E.H.);
<email>r.eljaoudi@um5s.net.ma</email>
(R.E.J.)</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Bouricha, El Mehdi" sort="Bouricha, El Mehdi" uniqKey="Bouricha E" first="El Mehdi" last="Bouricha">El Mehdi Bouricha</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="af1-pathogens-09-00829">Medical Biotechnology Laboratory (MedBiotech), Bioinova Research Center, Rabat Medical and Pharmacy School, Mohammed Vth University, Rabat 10100, Morocco;
<email>m_laamarti@yahoo.com</email>
(M.L.);
<email>abdelmounim.essabbar@um5s.net.ma</email>
(A.E.);
<email>gml.hakmi@gmail.com</email>
(M.H.);
<email>elmehdi.bouricha@gmail.com</email>
(E.M.B.);
<email>walidchemao@gmail.com</email>
(M.W.C.-E.);
<email>souad.kartti@um5s.net.ma</email>
(S.K.);
<email>nassma.boumajdi@gmail.com</email>
(N.B.);
<email>hbendani.houda@gmail.com</email>
(H.B.);
<email>fatima.ghrifi@um5s.net.ma</email>
(F.G.);
<email>louabna.allam@um5s.net.ma</email>
(L.A.);
<email>t.aanniz@um5s.net.ma</email>
(T.A.);
<email>mouna.ouadghiri@um5.ac.ma</email>
(M.O.);
<email>n.elhafidi@um5s.net.ma</email>
(N.E.H.);
<email>r.eljaoudi@um5s.net.ma</email>
(R.E.J.)</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Chemao Elfihri, M W" sort="Chemao Elfihri, M W" uniqKey="Chemao Elfihri M" first="M. W." last="Chemao-Elfihri">M. W. Chemao-Elfihri</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="af1-pathogens-09-00829">Medical Biotechnology Laboratory (MedBiotech), Bioinova Research Center, Rabat Medical and Pharmacy School, Mohammed Vth University, Rabat 10100, Morocco;
<email>m_laamarti@yahoo.com</email>
(M.L.);
<email>abdelmounim.essabbar@um5s.net.ma</email>
(A.E.);
<email>gml.hakmi@gmail.com</email>
(M.H.);
<email>elmehdi.bouricha@gmail.com</email>
(E.M.B.);
<email>walidchemao@gmail.com</email>
(M.W.C.-E.);
<email>souad.kartti@um5s.net.ma</email>
(S.K.);
<email>nassma.boumajdi@gmail.com</email>
(N.B.);
<email>hbendani.houda@gmail.com</email>
(H.B.);
<email>fatima.ghrifi@um5s.net.ma</email>
(F.G.);
<email>louabna.allam@um5s.net.ma</email>
(L.A.);
<email>t.aanniz@um5s.net.ma</email>
(T.A.);
<email>mouna.ouadghiri@um5.ac.ma</email>
(M.O.);
<email>n.elhafidi@um5s.net.ma</email>
(N.E.H.);
<email>r.eljaoudi@um5s.net.ma</email>
(R.E.J.)</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Kartti, Souad" sort="Kartti, Souad" uniqKey="Kartti S" first="Souad" last="Kartti">Souad Kartti</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="af1-pathogens-09-00829">Medical Biotechnology Laboratory (MedBiotech), Bioinova Research Center, Rabat Medical and Pharmacy School, Mohammed Vth University, Rabat 10100, Morocco;
<email>m_laamarti@yahoo.com</email>
(M.L.);
<email>abdelmounim.essabbar@um5s.net.ma</email>
(A.E.);
<email>gml.hakmi@gmail.com</email>
(M.H.);
<email>elmehdi.bouricha@gmail.com</email>
(E.M.B.);
<email>walidchemao@gmail.com</email>
(M.W.C.-E.);
<email>souad.kartti@um5s.net.ma</email>
(S.K.);
<email>nassma.boumajdi@gmail.com</email>
(N.B.);
<email>hbendani.houda@gmail.com</email>
(H.B.);
<email>fatima.ghrifi@um5s.net.ma</email>
(F.G.);
<email>louabna.allam@um5s.net.ma</email>
(L.A.);
<email>t.aanniz@um5s.net.ma</email>
(T.A.);
<email>mouna.ouadghiri@um5.ac.ma</email>
(M.O.);
<email>n.elhafidi@um5s.net.ma</email>
(N.E.H.);
<email>r.eljaoudi@um5s.net.ma</email>
(R.E.J.)</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Boumajdi, Nasma" sort="Boumajdi, Nasma" uniqKey="Boumajdi N" first="Nasma" last="Boumajdi">Nasma Boumajdi</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="af1-pathogens-09-00829">Medical Biotechnology Laboratory (MedBiotech), Bioinova Research Center, Rabat Medical and Pharmacy School, Mohammed Vth University, Rabat 10100, Morocco;
<email>m_laamarti@yahoo.com</email>
(M.L.);
<email>abdelmounim.essabbar@um5s.net.ma</email>
(A.E.);
<email>gml.hakmi@gmail.com</email>
(M.H.);
<email>elmehdi.bouricha@gmail.com</email>
(E.M.B.);
<email>walidchemao@gmail.com</email>
(M.W.C.-E.);
<email>souad.kartti@um5s.net.ma</email>
(S.K.);
<email>nassma.boumajdi@gmail.com</email>
(N.B.);
<email>hbendani.houda@gmail.com</email>
(H.B.);
<email>fatima.ghrifi@um5s.net.ma</email>
(F.G.);
<email>louabna.allam@um5s.net.ma</email>
(L.A.);
<email>t.aanniz@um5s.net.ma</email>
(T.A.);
<email>mouna.ouadghiri@um5.ac.ma</email>
(M.O.);
<email>n.elhafidi@um5s.net.ma</email>
(N.E.H.);
<email>r.eljaoudi@um5s.net.ma</email>
(R.E.J.)</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Bendani, Houda" sort="Bendani, Houda" uniqKey="Bendani H" first="Houda" last="Bendani">Houda Bendani</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="af1-pathogens-09-00829">Medical Biotechnology Laboratory (MedBiotech), Bioinova Research Center, Rabat Medical and Pharmacy School, Mohammed Vth University, Rabat 10100, Morocco;
<email>m_laamarti@yahoo.com</email>
(M.L.);
<email>abdelmounim.essabbar@um5s.net.ma</email>
(A.E.);
<email>gml.hakmi@gmail.com</email>
(M.H.);
<email>elmehdi.bouricha@gmail.com</email>
(E.M.B.);
<email>walidchemao@gmail.com</email>
(M.W.C.-E.);
<email>souad.kartti@um5s.net.ma</email>
(S.K.);
<email>nassma.boumajdi@gmail.com</email>
(N.B.);
<email>hbendani.houda@gmail.com</email>
(H.B.);
<email>fatima.ghrifi@um5s.net.ma</email>
(F.G.);
<email>louabna.allam@um5s.net.ma</email>
(L.A.);
<email>t.aanniz@um5s.net.ma</email>
(T.A.);
<email>mouna.ouadghiri@um5.ac.ma</email>
(M.O.);
<email>n.elhafidi@um5s.net.ma</email>
(N.E.H.);
<email>r.eljaoudi@um5s.net.ma</email>
(R.E.J.)</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Laamarti, Rokia" sort="Laamarti, Rokia" uniqKey="Laamarti R" first="Rokia" last="Laamarti">Rokia Laamarti</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="af2-pathogens-09-00829">Medical Biotechnology Center, Moroccan Foundation for Science, Innovation & Research (MAScIR), Rabat 10100, Morocco;
<email>r.laamarti@mascir.ma</email>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Ghrifi, Fatima" sort="Ghrifi, Fatima" uniqKey="Ghrifi F" first="Fatima" last="Ghrifi">Fatima Ghrifi</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="af1-pathogens-09-00829">Medical Biotechnology Laboratory (MedBiotech), Bioinova Research Center, Rabat Medical and Pharmacy School, Mohammed Vth University, Rabat 10100, Morocco;
<email>m_laamarti@yahoo.com</email>
(M.L.);
<email>abdelmounim.essabbar@um5s.net.ma</email>
(A.E.);
<email>gml.hakmi@gmail.com</email>
(M.H.);
<email>elmehdi.bouricha@gmail.com</email>
(E.M.B.);
<email>walidchemao@gmail.com</email>
(M.W.C.-E.);
<email>souad.kartti@um5s.net.ma</email>
(S.K.);
<email>nassma.boumajdi@gmail.com</email>
(N.B.);
<email>hbendani.houda@gmail.com</email>
(H.B.);
<email>fatima.ghrifi@um5s.net.ma</email>
(F.G.);
<email>louabna.allam@um5s.net.ma</email>
(L.A.);
<email>t.aanniz@um5s.net.ma</email>
(T.A.);
<email>mouna.ouadghiri@um5.ac.ma</email>
(M.O.);
<email>n.elhafidi@um5s.net.ma</email>
(N.E.H.);
<email>r.eljaoudi@um5s.net.ma</email>
(R.E.J.)</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Allam, Loubna" sort="Allam, Loubna" uniqKey="Allam L" first="Loubna" last="Allam">Loubna Allam</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="af1-pathogens-09-00829">Medical Biotechnology Laboratory (MedBiotech), Bioinova Research Center, Rabat Medical and Pharmacy School, Mohammed Vth University, Rabat 10100, Morocco;
<email>m_laamarti@yahoo.com</email>
(M.L.);
<email>abdelmounim.essabbar@um5s.net.ma</email>
(A.E.);
<email>gml.hakmi@gmail.com</email>
(M.H.);
<email>elmehdi.bouricha@gmail.com</email>
(E.M.B.);
<email>walidchemao@gmail.com</email>
(M.W.C.-E.);
<email>souad.kartti@um5s.net.ma</email>
(S.K.);
<email>nassma.boumajdi@gmail.com</email>
(N.B.);
<email>hbendani.houda@gmail.com</email>
(H.B.);
<email>fatima.ghrifi@um5s.net.ma</email>
(F.G.);
<email>louabna.allam@um5s.net.ma</email>
(L.A.);
<email>t.aanniz@um5s.net.ma</email>
(T.A.);
<email>mouna.ouadghiri@um5.ac.ma</email>
(M.O.);
<email>n.elhafidi@um5s.net.ma</email>
(N.E.H.);
<email>r.eljaoudi@um5s.net.ma</email>
(R.E.J.)</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Aanniz, Tarik" sort="Aanniz, Tarik" uniqKey="Aanniz T" first="Tarik" last="Aanniz">Tarik Aanniz</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="af1-pathogens-09-00829">Medical Biotechnology Laboratory (MedBiotech), Bioinova Research Center, Rabat Medical and Pharmacy School, Mohammed Vth University, Rabat 10100, Morocco;
<email>m_laamarti@yahoo.com</email>
(M.L.);
<email>abdelmounim.essabbar@um5s.net.ma</email>
(A.E.);
<email>gml.hakmi@gmail.com</email>
(M.H.);
<email>elmehdi.bouricha@gmail.com</email>
(E.M.B.);
<email>walidchemao@gmail.com</email>
(M.W.C.-E.);
<email>souad.kartti@um5s.net.ma</email>
(S.K.);
<email>nassma.boumajdi@gmail.com</email>
(N.B.);
<email>hbendani.houda@gmail.com</email>
(H.B.);
<email>fatima.ghrifi@um5s.net.ma</email>
(F.G.);
<email>louabna.allam@um5s.net.ma</email>
(L.A.);
<email>t.aanniz@um5s.net.ma</email>
(T.A.);
<email>mouna.ouadghiri@um5.ac.ma</email>
(M.O.);
<email>n.elhafidi@um5s.net.ma</email>
(N.E.H.);
<email>r.eljaoudi@um5s.net.ma</email>
(R.E.J.)</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Ouadghiri, Mouna" sort="Ouadghiri, Mouna" uniqKey="Ouadghiri M" first="Mouna" last="Ouadghiri">Mouna Ouadghiri</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="af1-pathogens-09-00829">Medical Biotechnology Laboratory (MedBiotech), Bioinova Research Center, Rabat Medical and Pharmacy School, Mohammed Vth University, Rabat 10100, Morocco;
<email>m_laamarti@yahoo.com</email>
(M.L.);
<email>abdelmounim.essabbar@um5s.net.ma</email>
(A.E.);
<email>gml.hakmi@gmail.com</email>
(M.H.);
<email>elmehdi.bouricha@gmail.com</email>
(E.M.B.);
<email>walidchemao@gmail.com</email>
(M.W.C.-E.);
<email>souad.kartti@um5s.net.ma</email>
(S.K.);
<email>nassma.boumajdi@gmail.com</email>
(N.B.);
<email>hbendani.houda@gmail.com</email>
(H.B.);
<email>fatima.ghrifi@um5s.net.ma</email>
(F.G.);
<email>louabna.allam@um5s.net.ma</email>
(L.A.);
<email>t.aanniz@um5s.net.ma</email>
(T.A.);
<email>mouna.ouadghiri@um5.ac.ma</email>
(M.O.);
<email>n.elhafidi@um5s.net.ma</email>
(N.E.H.);
<email>r.eljaoudi@um5s.net.ma</email>
(R.E.J.)</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="El Hafidi, Naima" sort="El Hafidi, Naima" uniqKey="El Hafidi N" first="Naima" last="El Hafidi">Naima El Hafidi</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="af1-pathogens-09-00829">Medical Biotechnology Laboratory (MedBiotech), Bioinova Research Center, Rabat Medical and Pharmacy School, Mohammed Vth University, Rabat 10100, Morocco;
<email>m_laamarti@yahoo.com</email>
(M.L.);
<email>abdelmounim.essabbar@um5s.net.ma</email>
(A.E.);
<email>gml.hakmi@gmail.com</email>
(M.H.);
<email>elmehdi.bouricha@gmail.com</email>
(E.M.B.);
<email>walidchemao@gmail.com</email>
(M.W.C.-E.);
<email>souad.kartti@um5s.net.ma</email>
(S.K.);
<email>nassma.boumajdi@gmail.com</email>
(N.B.);
<email>hbendani.houda@gmail.com</email>
(H.B.);
<email>fatima.ghrifi@um5s.net.ma</email>
(F.G.);
<email>louabna.allam@um5s.net.ma</email>
(L.A.);
<email>t.aanniz@um5s.net.ma</email>
(T.A.);
<email>mouna.ouadghiri@um5.ac.ma</email>
(M.O.);
<email>n.elhafidi@um5s.net.ma</email>
(N.E.H.);
<email>r.eljaoudi@um5s.net.ma</email>
(R.E.J.)</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="El Jaoudi, Rachid" sort="El Jaoudi, Rachid" uniqKey="El Jaoudi R" first="Rachid" last="El Jaoudi">Rachid El Jaoudi</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="af1-pathogens-09-00829">Medical Biotechnology Laboratory (MedBiotech), Bioinova Research Center, Rabat Medical and Pharmacy School, Mohammed Vth University, Rabat 10100, Morocco;
<email>m_laamarti@yahoo.com</email>
(M.L.);
<email>abdelmounim.essabbar@um5s.net.ma</email>
(A.E.);
<email>gml.hakmi@gmail.com</email>
(M.H.);
<email>elmehdi.bouricha@gmail.com</email>
(E.M.B.);
<email>walidchemao@gmail.com</email>
(M.W.C.-E.);
<email>souad.kartti@um5s.net.ma</email>
(S.K.);
<email>nassma.boumajdi@gmail.com</email>
(N.B.);
<email>hbendani.houda@gmail.com</email>
(H.B.);
<email>fatima.ghrifi@um5s.net.ma</email>
(F.G.);
<email>louabna.allam@um5s.net.ma</email>
(L.A.);
<email>t.aanniz@um5s.net.ma</email>
(T.A.);
<email>mouna.ouadghiri@um5.ac.ma</email>
(M.O.);
<email>n.elhafidi@um5s.net.ma</email>
(N.E.H.);
<email>r.eljaoudi@um5s.net.ma</email>
(R.E.J.)</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Benrahma, Houda" sort="Benrahma, Houda" uniqKey="Benrahma H" first="Houda" last="Benrahma">Houda Benrahma</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="af3-pathogens-09-00829">Faculty of Medicine, Mohammed VI University of Health Sciences (UM6SS), Casablanca 82403, Morocco;
<email>hbenrahma@um6ss.ma</email>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Attar, Jalil El" sort="Attar, Jalil El" uniqKey="Attar J" first="Jalil El" last="Attar">Jalil El Attar</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="af4-pathogens-09-00829">Riad Laboratory, City Center Hay Riad, Rabat 10112, Morocco;
<email>laboratoireriad@gmail.com</email>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Mentag, Rachid" sort="Mentag, Rachid" uniqKey="Mentag R" first="Rachid" last="Mentag">Rachid Mentag</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="af5-pathogens-09-00829">Biotechnology Unit, Regional Center of Agricultural Research of Rabat, National Institute of Agricultural Research, Rabat 10101, Morocco;
<email>rachid.mentag@inra.ma</email>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Sbabou, Laila" sort="Sbabou, Laila" uniqKey="Sbabou L" first="Laila" last="Sbabou">Laila Sbabou</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="af6-pathogens-09-00829">Microbiology and Molecular Biology Team, Center of Plant and Microbial Biotechnology, Biodiversity and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat 10000, Morocco;
<email>l.sbabou@um5s.net.ma</email>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Nejjari, Chakib" sort="Nejjari, Chakib" uniqKey="Nejjari C" first="Chakib" last="Nejjari">Chakib Nejjari</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="af7-pathogens-09-00829">International School of Public Health, Mohammed VI University of Health Sciences (UM6SS), Casablanca 82403, Morocco;
<email>cnejjari@um6ss.ma</email>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Amzazi, Saaid" sort="Amzazi, Saaid" uniqKey="Amzazi S" first="Saaid" last="Amzazi">Saaid Amzazi</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="af8-pathogens-09-00829">Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat 10000, Morocco;
<email>amzazi@gmail.com</email>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Belyamani, Lahcen" sort="Belyamani, Lahcen" uniqKey="Belyamani L" first="Lahcen" last="Belyamani">Lahcen Belyamani</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="af9-pathogens-09-00829">Emergency Department, Military Hospital Mohammed V, Rabat Medical and Pharmacy School, Mohammed Vth University, Rabat 10112, Morocco;
<email>l.belyamani@um5s.net.ma</email>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Ibrahimi, Azeddine" sort="Ibrahimi, Azeddine" uniqKey="Ibrahimi A" first="Azeddine" last="Ibrahimi">Azeddine Ibrahimi</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="af1-pathogens-09-00829">Medical Biotechnology Laboratory (MedBiotech), Bioinova Research Center, Rabat Medical and Pharmacy School, Mohammed Vth University, Rabat 10100, Morocco;
<email>m_laamarti@yahoo.com</email>
(M.L.);
<email>abdelmounim.essabbar@um5s.net.ma</email>
(A.E.);
<email>gml.hakmi@gmail.com</email>
(M.H.);
<email>elmehdi.bouricha@gmail.com</email>
(E.M.B.);
<email>walidchemao@gmail.com</email>
(M.W.C.-E.);
<email>souad.kartti@um5s.net.ma</email>
(S.K.);
<email>nassma.boumajdi@gmail.com</email>
(N.B.);
<email>hbendani.houda@gmail.com</email>
(H.B.);
<email>fatima.ghrifi@um5s.net.ma</email>
(F.G.);
<email>louabna.allam@um5s.net.ma</email>
(L.A.);
<email>t.aanniz@um5s.net.ma</email>
(T.A.);
<email>mouna.ouadghiri@um5.ac.ma</email>
(M.O.);
<email>n.elhafidi@um5s.net.ma</email>
(N.E.H.);
<email>r.eljaoudi@um5s.net.ma</email>
(R.E.J.)</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series>
<title level="j">Pathogens</title>
<idno type="eISSN">2076-0817</idno>
<imprint>
<date when="2020">2020</date>
</imprint>
</series>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc>
<textClass></textClass>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<front>
<div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">
<p>The COVID-19 pandemic has been ongoing since its onset in late November 2019 in Wuhan, China. Understanding and monitoring the genetic evolution of the virus, its geographical characteristics, and its stability are particularly important for controlling the spread of the disease and especially for the development of a universal vaccine covering all circulating strains. From this perspective, we analyzed 30,983 complete SARS-CoV-2 genomes from 79 countries located in the six continents and collected from 24 December 2019, to 13 May 2020, according to the GISAID database. Our analysis revealed the presence of 3206 variant sites, with a uniform distribution of mutation types in different geographic areas. Remarkably, a low frequency of recurrent mutations has been observed; only 169 mutations (5.27%) had a prevalence greater than 1% of genomes. Nevertheless, fourteen non-synonymous hotspot mutations (>10%) have been identified at different locations along the viral genome; eight in ORF1ab polyprotein (in nsp2, nsp3, transmembrane domain, RdRp, helicase, exonuclease, and endoribonuclease), three in nucleocapsid protein, and one in each of three proteins: Spike, ORF3a, and ORF8. Moreover, 36 non-synonymous mutations were identified in the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein with a low prevalence (<1%) across all genomes, of which only four could potentially enhance the binding of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein to the human ACE2 receptor. These results along with intra-genomic divergence of SARS-CoV-2 could indicate that unlike the influenza virus or HIV viruses, SARS-CoV-2 has a low mutation rate which makes the development of an effective global vaccine very likely.</p>
</div>
</front>
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<name sortKey="Ghrifi, Fatima" sort="Ghrifi, Fatima" uniqKey="Ghrifi F" first="Fatima" last="Ghrifi">Fatima Ghrifi</name>
<name sortKey="Hakmi, Mohammed" sort="Hakmi, Mohammed" uniqKey="Hakmi M" first="Mohammed" last="Hakmi">Mohammed Hakmi</name>
<name sortKey="Ibrahimi, Azeddine" sort="Ibrahimi, Azeddine" uniqKey="Ibrahimi A" first="Azeddine" last="Ibrahimi">Azeddine Ibrahimi</name>
<name sortKey="Kartti, Souad" sort="Kartti, Souad" uniqKey="Kartti S" first="Souad" last="Kartti">Souad Kartti</name>
<name sortKey="Laamarti, Meriem" sort="Laamarti, Meriem" uniqKey="Laamarti M" first="Meriem" last="Laamarti">Meriem Laamarti</name>
<name sortKey="Laamarti, Rokia" sort="Laamarti, Rokia" uniqKey="Laamarti R" first="Rokia" last="Laamarti">Rokia Laamarti</name>
<name sortKey="Mentag, Rachid" sort="Mentag, Rachid" uniqKey="Mentag R" first="Rachid" last="Mentag">Rachid Mentag</name>
<name sortKey="Nejjari, Chakib" sort="Nejjari, Chakib" uniqKey="Nejjari C" first="Chakib" last="Nejjari">Chakib Nejjari</name>
<name sortKey="Ouadghiri, Mouna" sort="Ouadghiri, Mouna" uniqKey="Ouadghiri M" first="Mouna" last="Ouadghiri">Mouna Ouadghiri</name>
<name sortKey="Sbabou, Laila" sort="Sbabou, Laila" uniqKey="Sbabou L" first="Laila" last="Sbabou">Laila Sbabou</name>
</noCountry>
</tree>
</affiliations>
</record>

Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)

EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Wicri/Sante/explor/MaghrebDataLibMedV2/Data/Main/Exploration
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 000729 | SxmlIndent | more

Ou

HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Main/Exploration/biblio.hfd -nk 000729 | SxmlIndent | more

Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri

{{Explor lien
   |wiki=    Wicri/Sante
   |area=    MaghrebDataLibMedV2
   |flux=    Main
   |étape=   Exploration
   |type=    RBID
   |clé=     PMC:7600297
   |texte=   Genomic Diversity and Hotspot Mutations in 30,983 SARS-CoV-2 Genomes: Moving Toward a Universal Vaccine for the “Confined Virus”?
}}

Pour générer des pages wiki

HfdIndexSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Main/Exploration/RBID.i   -Sk "pubmed:33050463" \
       | HfdSelect -Kh $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Main/Exploration/biblio.hfd   \
       | NlmPubMed2Wicri -a MaghrebDataLibMedV2 

Wicri

This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.38.
Data generation: Wed Jun 30 18:27:05 2021. Site generation: Wed Jun 30 18:34:21 2021